![]() Laminates with defects were produced by lowering the autoclave pressure and the cure temperature, intentionally. The technique is developed and then applied to characterize transverse cracking in cross-ply carbon fiber/epoxy composites in the absence and presence of manufacturing defects (including voids). The micro-scale examination provides additional insights into the failure mechanisms. The strain mapping at the macro- and meso-scales allows semi-automatic detection of matrix cracks and quantification of their density evolution in function of the applied strain. The images are acquired in-situ with optical cameras and an electron microscope. Digital image correlation is applied to the images of a deforming composite to obtain strain maps at three length scales: micro-scale (ply level, hundreds of micrometers), meso-scale (laminate level, millimeters), and macro-scale (specimen level, tens of millimeters). ![]()
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